Equid herpesviruses (EHVs) affect equine health and can cause signi?cant economic losses to the equine industry worldwide. In the current study, the circulation of two infectious equid herpesviruses (EHV-1 and EHV-4) among different horse populations in some farms was monitored. In the present study, 50 samples of nasal secretions and tissue homogenates from neurological disease cases, abortion, neonatal foal deaths, and 36 serum samples. Samples of swabs and organs inoculated in embryonated chiken egg and Madin darby bovine kidney cell line. 29 samples were positive in egg injection but no detected CPE in cell line for three passages. DNA was extracted and subjected to conventional PCR to detect the two herpesviruses presence using speci?c primers. Three isolates of EHV-1 and four were detected. One EHV-1 and two EHV-4 were subjected to phylogenetic analysis. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed the existence of the isolated EHV-1 and EHV-4. They were more closely related to other previously isolated EHV-1 and EHV-4 from Egypt and other countries. Antibodies against EHV-1 and EHV-4 were tested using ELISA. The results showed that EHV-1 and EHV-4 are endemic and can be a continuous threat for horses in the absence of vaccination programs and frequent virus reactivation.

Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) was the most prevalent bacteria recorded from clinical and subclinical mastitis. The main objective of the present work is to prepare and evaluate the effectiveness of locally prepared inactivated S. aureus vaccine using different adjuvants Montanide ISA-206, Montanide ISA-70 and alum hydroxide gel for detection of cellular and humeral immune responses. Seventy dairy heifers in the last trimester of gestation divided into (5) groups. Twenty pregnant cows in three groups (G1, G2, and G3) were inoculated intramuscularly with the prepared vaccines four weeks prior to calving then a booster dose at two weeks pre-expected calving. The animals in remaining groups (G4 and G5) were considered as control and safety test respectively. Serum samples from vaccinated and non-vaccinated cows were collected at the 1st and 2nd immunization then at 0, 1, 2, 3 months and (7, 10, 14) days post calving and vaccination and evaluated immunologically using ELISA and Lymphocyte transformation assay, respectively. The results revealed that a progressive increase of immune response in the vaccinated groups (G1 and G2) than that of the third and control groups. These results could be indicated the safety and effectiveness of the Montanide ISA-206, ISA-70 vaccines than alum adjuvant vaccine that reduce the incidence and severity of clinical cases of mastitis. Hence, further studies should be done to elucidate the possibility of field application.

This study was conducted on 40 cows suffering from inactive ovaries brought to the Teaching Veterinary clinic of College of Veterinary, University of Mosul. The inactive ovary was diagnosed in 40 cows depending on the case date and general examination by rectal palpation to determine the ovarian size and the existence of certain ovarian structures and check the uterine horns and body. The animals were divided following the identification of the affected animals with inactive ovaries, into two groups, each group composed of 20 cows. The animals in the first group were treated with GnRH hormone at a dose of 0.5 mg. In contrast, animals in the second group were treated by the ovaries manual massage method via rectal palpation. The study findings clarified that the estrous response ratio amounts to 50% in the first group and 60% in the second group. Statistically, there were no differences in response ratio between the two groups in relation to the response.

A combined vaccine of Equine influenza (EI), equine herpesvirus–1 (EHV-1), rabies virus and tetanus toxoid adjuvanted with saponin and Alhydrogel was prepared. Quality control testing of such vaccine revealed that it was free from foreign contaminants, safe for Guinea-pigs, mice and mares. It was inoculated into Guinea -pigs as a preliminary evaluation for its potency and it was proven safe and potent. Also, it exceeded the permissible protective level allowed to be used for the vaccination of horses. Two groups of mares were used for evaluating the potency of the vaccine. The first one received two doses (5 ml) of the prepared vaccine with 4 weeks interval while the 2nd group was kept without vaccination as control. The mean haemagglutination inhibition (HI) influenza antibody titer reached its maximum at the 2nd month post-vaccination (MPV); 2048 while EHV-1 antibodies reached the peak at the 3rd MPV as recorded by ELISA and neutralizing indices; 1790 and 3.50. Rabies antibodies were detectable in vaccinated mares by the 2nd week post-vaccination showing titers of 16 and 1.0 by serum neutralization test (SNT) and ELISA, respectively recording their peaks (128 by SNT and 2.15 by ELISA) at the 2nd MPV. Tetanus antitoxic titer increased till reaching the peak at the 2nd MPV (40IU/ml) as determined by toxin neutralization test. Depending on these results, it could be concluded that the prepared inactivated EI, EHV-1, rabies and tetanus vaccine is safe and potent for mares providing them with good protective levels of specific antibodies against the 4 used antigens up to 6 months.

An inactivated Equine herpes virus-1 vaccine was successfully improved using carbomer as adjuvant inducing high and long immunity in vaccinated mares in comparison with the convention one adjuvanted with Al-hydra gel and saponin. Such purpose was established by using 0.5% carbomer as adjuvant to the inactivated EHV-1. The applied quality control tests carried out on such vaccine revealed that it is free from foreign contaminants, safe in pregnant mares and mice and potent induced high levels of specific EHV-1 antibodies in vaccinated Guinea pigs and mares as measure by ELISA and SNT. This immunity was sufficient to protect vaccinated horses up to 28 weeks (7months) post-vaccination.

This study aimed to diagnose Lumpy skin desease by isolation and identification of LSD from suspected naturally infected cattle and to study its effect on immuno-biochemical parameters, inflammatory and oxidative stress markers. The study was conducted on 25 cattle, 1-3 years age from two cities in the Sharkia governorate. Ten clinically healthy cattle represented the control group and fifteen suspected diseased cases by LSD represented the infected group. The clinical signs of suspected cases showed anorexia, skin nodules all over the body, fever above 40°C, edema in forelimbs and dewlap, enlarged superficial lymph nodes, retarded milk production, and abortion in some cases. The virological examination of LSDV from the samples of skin nodules was done. Isolation from skin nodules was done on MDBK cell line and embryonated chiken egg through chorioallantoic membrane route followed by identification using fluorescence technique . Molecular studies including phylogenetic analysis for three positive isolates showed similarity to previously locally isolated strains in Egypt and close relation to strains of SPPV. Immuno-biochemical results revealed a significant increase in aspartate aminotransferase , alanine aminotransferase , alkaline phosphatase , Malondialdehyde , Tumor necrosis factor , Interleukin4,immunoglobulin M and immunoglobulin G . Meanwhile, a significant decrease in total protein, albumin, globulin, Glutathione peroxidase, phagocytic assay, calcium, inorganic phosphorous, sodium, and potassium with a non-significant change in magnesium was seen when compared to control ones. It could be concluded that the infection with LSD in cattle induce severe effects on immuno-biochemical, antioxidant parameters, and inflammatory markers causing great economic loss